lntro : G D Em Bm C A D
G D Em Bm
Mungkinkah kau tau rasa cinta yang kini membara
C A D
Yang masih tersimpan dalam lubuk jiwa
G D Em Bm
Ingin ku nyatakan lewat kata yang mesra untukmu
C A D
Namun kutak kuasa untuk melakukanya
G D
Reff : Mungkin hanya lewat lagu ini
Em Bm C
Akan kunyatakan rasa cintaku padamu
Am D
Rinduku padamu tak bertepi
G D
Mungkin hanya sebuah lagu ini
Em Bm
Yang slalu akan kunyanyikan
C Am D
Sebagai tanda betapa aku inginkan kamu
Intro : G D Em Bm C A D
E A E
Ooooo….Mungkin hanya lewat lagu ini
F#m C#m D
Akan kunyatakan rasa cintaku padamu
Bm E
Rinduku padamu tak bertepi
A E
Mungkin hanya sebuah lagu ini
F#m C#m
Yang slalu akan kunyanyikan
D Bm E
Sebagai tanda betapa aku inginkan kamu (2x)…….
Coda : A E F#m C#m D Bm E
Sabtu, 30 Januari 2010
Ungu.....Laguku
Mungkinkah kau tahu
Rasa cinta yang kini membara
Yang masih tersimpan dalam lubuk jiwa
Ingin kunyatakan
Lewat kata yang mesra untukmu
Namun ku tak kuasa untuk melakukannya
Mungkin hanya lewat lagu ini
Akan aku nyatakan rasa
Cintaku padamu rinduku padamu
Tak bertepi
Mungkin hanya sebuah lagu ini
Yang s'lalu akan kunyanyikan
Sebagai tanda betapa aku
Rindukan kamu
Rasa cinta yang kini membara
Yang masih tersimpan dalam lubuk jiwa
Ingin kunyatakan
Lewat kata yang mesra untukmu
Namun ku tak kuasa untuk melakukannya
Mungkin hanya lewat lagu ini
Akan aku nyatakan rasa
Cintaku padamu rinduku padamu
Tak bertepi
Mungkin hanya sebuah lagu ini
Yang s'lalu akan kunyanyikan
Sebagai tanda betapa aku
Rindukan kamu
Cara Buat Puisi Cinta
Pertama, rasakan dulu DALAM nya cinta itu sendiri.
Kedua, jangan bohongi diri mu.
Ketiga, “tulislah” puisi itu dengan hati mu, biarkan tangan mewakilinya
Keempat, jangan baca ulang puisi nya, nanti malah ga tulus terbaca
Kelima, Bubuhi senyuman cinta ditulisan itu, biar energi cintanya berasa bagi pembaca nya.
Semoga Sukses membuat puisi cinta mu yah !
Kedua, jangan bohongi diri mu.
Ketiga, “tulislah” puisi itu dengan hati mu, biarkan tangan mewakilinya
Keempat, jangan baca ulang puisi nya, nanti malah ga tulus terbaca
Kelima, Bubuhi senyuman cinta ditulisan itu, biar energi cintanya berasa bagi pembaca nya.
Semoga Sukses membuat puisi cinta mu yah !
Minggu, 17 Januari 2010
Kisi Kisi UAS PTI Smstr 1 2009/2010
1. Data
2. BASIS DATA (Database)
3. Keuntungan Basis Data
4. Character
5. FIELD
6. RECORD
7. FILE
8. File transaksi
9. File Laporan (report file)
10. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
11. Komunikasi Data
12. Sebutkan 3 (tiga) elemen sistem
13. Bandwidth (lebar band)
14. Tipe transmisi satu arah (one way tarnsmision)
15. Tipe transmisi dua arah bergantian (two way transmission atau half duplex)
16. CONCENTRATOR
17. Jaringan komputer
18. Tujuan jaringan komputer
19. Wan
20. Topologi Star (Star Topology)
21. Topologi Ring (Ring Topology)
22. NIC : network interface card / kartu LAN
23. Lisensi
24. Trial Software
25. Lisensi open souce
26. Teknologi informasi
27. SISTEM
28. INFORMASI
29. SISTEM INFORMASI
30. TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
31. Sistem Informasi Berbasis Komputer atau Computer Based Information System (CBIS)
32. Fungsi Teknologi Informasi
33. Resiko keamanan komputer (computer security risk)
34. Cyberextortionist
35. Cyberterrorist
36. Firewall
37. Software Theft
38. Steganografi
39. Enkripsi
40. Sistem analis
41. Web desainer
42. System administrator
43. MIS Director
44. EDP Operator
45. Teknisi Komputer
46. Jaringan
47. Wireless
48. PROTOCOL
49. Pengertian Internet, sejarah dan perkembangannya
50. Cara untuk menghubungkan ke Internet
51. File Transfer protocol ( FTP
52. Telnet.
53. Download
54. Upload
55. Pengendalian data log.
56. Ruang lingkup AI
57. Expert System ( system ahli)
58. GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING
59. Robot dan sejarahnya
60. Sistem abstrak
61. Sistem phisik
62. Human-machine system atau man-machine system.
63. Kualitas informasi
Jawaban
1. Data adl : representasi atau hasil rekaman atas kejadian, fakta, atau fenomena yangterjadi dalam dunia nyata.
2. BASIS DATA (Database) adl: Kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya,
3. Keuntungan Basis Data : Data dapat di pakai secara bersama – sama, data dapat distandarisasikan
4. Character adl : Merupakan bagian data yang terkecil
5. FIELD adl : merupakan item dari data
6. RECORD adl : Kumpulan dari Field
7. FILE adl terdiri dari record – record yang menggambarkan satu kesatuan data yang sejenis.
8. File transaksi adl : File ini digunakan untuk merekam data hasil dari suatu transaksi(catatan) yang terjadi.
9. File Laporan (report file) adl File ini dibuat untuk pembuatan suatu laporan.
10. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) adl : merupakan satu paket perangkat lunak yang menyediakan berbagai layanan untuk perancangan, penggunaan, dan pemeliharaan basis data relasional
11. Komunikasi Data adl : mengkomunikasi data dari satu ke tempat yang lain
12. Sebutkan 3 (tiga) elemen system : yaitu sumber data (Source), media transmisi (transmission media) yang membawa data yang dikirimkan dari sumber data ke elemen yang ketiga yaitu penerima (Receiver).
13. Bandwidth (lebar band) adl : menunjukan sejumlah data yang dapat ditransmisikan untuk satu unit waktu yang dinyatakan dalam satuan bits per second (bps)atau characters per second (cps)
14. Tipe transmisi satu arah (one way tarnsmision) : merupakan transmisi yang hanya dapat membawa informasi data dalam bentuk satu arah saja, tidak bisa dibolak balik.
15. Tipe transmisi dua arah bergantian (two way transmission atau half duplex) : Merupakan kanal transmisi dimana informasi data dapat mengalir dalam dua arah yang bergantian
16. CONCENTRATOR adl : menggabung beberapa signal data dari channel transmisi kapasitas rendah ke channel transmisi kapasitas tinggi.
17. Jaringan komputer adl : kumpulan sejumlah terminal komunikasi yang berada diberbagai lokasi yang terdiri dari lebih satu komputer yang saling berhubungan.
18. Tujuan jaringan computer adl : membawa informasi secara tepat dan tanpa adanya kesalahan dari sisi pengirim (transmitter) menuju kesisi penerima (receiver) melalui media komunikasi
19. Wan adl : Merupakan jaringan dari system komunikasi data yang masing-masing node berlokasi jauh (remote location) satu dengan yang lainnya.
20. Topologi Star (Star Topology) adl : Menghubungkan semua kabel pada host ke satu titik utama. Titik ini biasanya menggunakan Hub atau Switch
21. Topologi Ring (Ring Topology) adl: Menghubungkan satu host ke host setelah dan sebelumnya. Secara fisik jaringan ini berbentuk ring (lingkaran).
22. NIC : network interface card / kartu LAN adl : Kartu Jaringan/ sebuah kartu yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan dari komputer ke sebuah jaringan komputer.
23. Lisensi adl : lisensi perangkat lunak yang mengizinkan pengguna untuk memodifikasi dan mendistribusikan ulang perangkat lunak yang dimaksud.
24. Trial Software adl : waktu dimana suatu software yang sudah ditentukan masa kadaluwarsa pemakaiannya itu biasanya adalah demo suatu software.
25. Lisensi open souce adl : Open Source adalah suatu lisensi dari software yang memberikan kebebasan kepada penggunanya untuk:
- Melihat kode sumber progam
- Merubah kode sumber program
26. Teknologi informasi adl : hasil rekayasa manusia terhadap proses penyampaian informasi dari bagian pengirim ke penerima sehingga pengiriman informasi tersebut akan:
lebih cepat
lebih luas sebarannya, dan
lebih lama penyimpanannya.
27. SISTEM adl : suatu kesatuan yang terdiri atau elemen yang dihubungkan bersama untuk memudahkan aliran informasi, materi atau komponen.
28. INFORMASI adl : pengetahuan yang didapatkan dari pembelajaran, pengalaman, atau instruksi [1]. Namun demikian istilah ini memiliki banyak arti bergantung pada konteksnya,
29. SISTEM INFORMASI adl : aplikasi komputer untuk mendukung operasi dari suatu organisasi: operasi, instalasi, dan perawatan komputer, perangkat lunak, dan data.
31. Sistem Informasi Berbasis Komputer atau Computer Based Information System (CBIS) adl : suatu sistem pengolah data menjadi sebuah informasi yang berkualitas dan dipergunakan untuk suatu alat bantu pengambilan keputusan.
32. Fungsi Teknologi Informasi :
33. Resiko keamanan komputer (computer security risk) : setiap peristiwa yang dapat mengakibatkan hilang atau rusaknya peranti keras, peranti lunak, data, informasi, atau kemampuan memproses komputer
34. Cyberextortionist adl : seseorang yang menggunakan email sebagai alat pemerasan.
35. Cyberterrorist adl : seseorang yang menggunakan internet atau jaringan untuk menghancurkan atau merusak komputer dengan alasan politis.
36. Firewall adl : sistem security dari hardware atau software yang mencegah jaringan atau aktivitas akses yang tidak terstruktur
37. Software Theft adl : merupakan pembajakan software.
38. Steganografi adl :menyembunyikan pesan tersembunyi dengan suatu cara sehingga selain si pengirim dan si penerima, tidak ada seorangpun yang mengetahui atau menyadari bahwa ada suatu pesan rahasia.
39. Enkripsi adl : proses mengamankan suatu informasi dengan membuat informasi tersebut tidak dapat dibaca tanpa bantuan pengetahuan khusus.
40. Sistem analis adl : seseorang yang bertanggung jawab atas penelitian, perencanaan, pengkoordinasian, dan merekomendasikan pemilihan perangkat lunak dan sistem yang paling sesuai dengan kebutuhan organisasi bisnis atau perusahaan.
41. Web desainer adl : orang yang mempunyai keahlian menciptakan konten presentasi (biasanya hypertext atau hypermedia) yang dikirimkan ke pengguna-akhir melalui World Wide Web, melalui Web browser atau perangkat lunak Web-enabled lain seperti televisi internet, Microblogging, pembaca RSS.
42. System administrator adl : memonitor konfigurasi keamanan, mengelola dan mengatur nama user dan password, memantau kapasitas memory penyimpanan serta perangkat-perangkat yang digunakan, melaksanakan proses backup, dan melakukan setting terhadap alat-alat serta software baru.
43. MIS Director adl mereka yang menjamin ketersediaan, kesinambungan, dan keamanan data dan layanan teknologi informasi dalam organisasi mereka.
44. EDP Operator adl merupakan tenaga (manusia) yang bertugas, mengontrol dan bertanggung jawab dalam aktivitas (kelangsungan) pengolahan data elektronis.
45. Teknisi Komputer ad : seseorang yang bertugas memperbaiki komputer dari software sampai hardware
46. Jaringan adl : sekumpulan komputer, serta perangkat-perangkat lain pendukung komputer yang saling terhubung dalam suatu kesatuan.
47. Wireless adl : teknologi yang menghubungkan dua piranti untuk bertukar data atau suara tanpa menggunakan media kabel.
48. PROTOCOL adl : Kumpulan dari beberapa aturan yang berhubungan dengan komunikasi data antara beberapa alat komunikasi supaya komunikasi data dapat dilakukan dengan benar.
49. Pengertian Internet, sejarah dan perkembangannya : gabungan dari jaringan-jaringan computer dalam sekala luas dan besar dimana masing-masing computer tersebut dapat saling berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya menggunakan sebuah bahasa jaringan.
Sejarah Internet : Dimulai dari jaman persaingan antara Amerika dengan Soviet (USSR). Dimulai saat Soviet meluncurkan Sputnik, Amerika kemudian membuat Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , atau DARPA) di February 1958. ARPA kemudian membuat Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) untuk menangani lebih jauh research Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program. Dimana proyek ini bertujuan untuk menggabungkan system radar di seluruh Amerika untuk pertama kalinya. Ketua IPTO pada saat itu yaitu . J. C. R. Licklider mengatakan bahwa networking ini akan mengubah sejarah manusia.
Perkembangan internet : Licklider kemudian merekrut Lawrence Roberts untuk mengepalai project yang bertujuan untuk mengimplementasi sebuah network, Lawrence Roberts merekomendasikan packet switching (dibandingkan Circuit switching ) untuk membuat jaringan yang lebih tahan terhadap gangguan. Titik jaringan pertama yang berhasil dibuat dan berfungsi adalah di UCLA pada October 29 , 1969 yang kemudian disebut ARPANET , salah satu bunda/sesepuh jaringan dari Internet.
Dari sini sejarah berlanjut dimana, the British Post Office , Western Union International dan Tymnet berkolaborasi untuk membentuk jaringan international yang berbasis packet switched network, dikenal dengan nama International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), di 1978. Jaringan ini berkembang dari Europe, US hingga Canada , Hong Kong dan Australia pada 1981.
50. Cara untuk menghubungkan ke Internet : dengan Dial Up, ADSL, Handphone
51. File Transfer protocol ( FTP ) adl : dalah sebuah protokol Internet yang berjalan di dalam lapisan aplikasi yang merupakan standar untuk pentransferan berkas (file) komputer antar mesin-mesin dalam sebuah internetwork.
52. Telnet. Adl: sebuah protokol jaringan yang digunakan di koneksi Internet atau Local Area Network.
53. Download adl : proses menerima data (umumnya berbentuk berkas) dari sebuah sistem seperti server web, FTP server, server mail atau sistem serupa lainnya
54. Upload adl : proses mengirim data (umumnya berbentuk berkas) dari komputer pribadi ke suatu sistem seperti server web, FTP server atau sistem serupa lainnya yang kemudian akan dipublikasikan di internet baik secara pribadi atau umum (dapat di nikmati oleh semua pengguna internet).
55. Pengendalian data log. Adl : Pengendalian keamanan yang menggunakan data log
56. Ruang lingkup AI : meliputi
Formal tasks (matematika, games)
· Mundane task (perception, robotics, natural language, common sense, reasoning)
· Expert tasks (financial analysis, medical diagnostics, engineering, scientific analysis, dll)
57. Expert System ( system ahli) adl : di sebut juga sistem pakar :program komputer yang mengandung pengetahuan dari satu atau lebih pakar manusia mengenai suatu bidang spesifik. Jenis program ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh periset kecerdasan buatan pada dasawarsa 1960-an dan 1970-an dan diterapkan secara komersial selama 1980-an.
58. GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING adl Bertujuan pada pemecahan kelas-kelas dari
masalah-masalah yang ditekankan dalam sebuah bahasa formal.
59. Robot dan sejarahnya : Kata robot pertama kali diperkenalakan oleh seorang penulis dari Czech yang bernama Karel pada tahun 1921. Kata Robot berasal dari kata ‘robota’ yang berarti: pekerja sendiri.
Sejarah robot bermula ketika sistem otomatis dibuat oleh Jacques de Vaucanson pada tahun 1938, yang membuat bebek mekanik yang dapat memakan dan mencincang biiji bijian, membuka dan menutup sayapnya. Kemudian tahun 1796, Hisashine Tanaga di Jepang berhasil membuat mainan mekanik yang dapat mnghidangkan the dan menulis huruf kanji. Lalu 1926, Nikola Tesla mendemintrasikan perahu bot yang dapat dikontrol dengan radio. Tahun 1928, Makoto Nishimura membuat robot pertama di Jepang.
Sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi Elektronika, maka perkembangan robot ini melaju pesat, seprti tahun 1948, William Grey Walter membuat robot elektronik otomatis pertama dimana robot ini dapat merespon cahaya dan dapat melakukan kontak dengan objek dari luar. Pada tahun 1954, saat dimulainya zaman digital, sebuah robot digital yang dapat deprogram ditemukan oleh George Devol
60. Sistem abstrak adl : sistem yang berupa pemikiran atau ide-ide yang tidak tampak secara fisik.
61. Sistem phisik adl : sistem yang ada dan tampak secara fisik
62. Human-machine system atau man-machine system. Adl : software yang digunakan untuk memonitor dan mengontrol mesin atau proses di suatu pabrik.
63. Kualitas informasi : Kualitas yang di berikan oleh Pemberi Informasi
2. BASIS DATA (Database)
3. Keuntungan Basis Data
4. Character
5. FIELD
6. RECORD
7. FILE
8. File transaksi
9. File Laporan (report file)
10. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)
11. Komunikasi Data
12. Sebutkan 3 (tiga) elemen sistem
13. Bandwidth (lebar band)
14. Tipe transmisi satu arah (one way tarnsmision)
15. Tipe transmisi dua arah bergantian (two way transmission atau half duplex)
16. CONCENTRATOR
17. Jaringan komputer
18. Tujuan jaringan komputer
19. Wan
20. Topologi Star (Star Topology)
21. Topologi Ring (Ring Topology)
22. NIC : network interface card / kartu LAN
23. Lisensi
24. Trial Software
25. Lisensi open souce
26. Teknologi informasi
27. SISTEM
28. INFORMASI
29. SISTEM INFORMASI
30. TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI
31. Sistem Informasi Berbasis Komputer atau Computer Based Information System (CBIS)
32. Fungsi Teknologi Informasi
33. Resiko keamanan komputer (computer security risk)
34. Cyberextortionist
35. Cyberterrorist
36. Firewall
37. Software Theft
38. Steganografi
39. Enkripsi
40. Sistem analis
41. Web desainer
42. System administrator
43. MIS Director
44. EDP Operator
45. Teknisi Komputer
46. Jaringan
47. Wireless
48. PROTOCOL
49. Pengertian Internet, sejarah dan perkembangannya
50. Cara untuk menghubungkan ke Internet
51. File Transfer protocol ( FTP
52. Telnet.
53. Download
54. Upload
55. Pengendalian data log.
56. Ruang lingkup AI
57. Expert System ( system ahli)
58. GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING
59. Robot dan sejarahnya
60. Sistem abstrak
61. Sistem phisik
62. Human-machine system atau man-machine system.
63. Kualitas informasi
Jawaban
1. Data adl : representasi atau hasil rekaman atas kejadian, fakta, atau fenomena yangterjadi dalam dunia nyata.
2. BASIS DATA (Database) adl: Kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya,
3. Keuntungan Basis Data : Data dapat di pakai secara bersama – sama, data dapat distandarisasikan
4. Character adl : Merupakan bagian data yang terkecil
5. FIELD adl : merupakan item dari data
6. RECORD adl : Kumpulan dari Field
7. FILE adl terdiri dari record – record yang menggambarkan satu kesatuan data yang sejenis.
8. File transaksi adl : File ini digunakan untuk merekam data hasil dari suatu transaksi(catatan) yang terjadi.
9. File Laporan (report file) adl File ini dibuat untuk pembuatan suatu laporan.
10. RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) adl : merupakan satu paket perangkat lunak yang menyediakan berbagai layanan untuk perancangan, penggunaan, dan pemeliharaan basis data relasional
11. Komunikasi Data adl : mengkomunikasi data dari satu ke tempat yang lain
12. Sebutkan 3 (tiga) elemen system : yaitu sumber data (Source), media transmisi (transmission media) yang membawa data yang dikirimkan dari sumber data ke elemen yang ketiga yaitu penerima (Receiver).
13. Bandwidth (lebar band) adl : menunjukan sejumlah data yang dapat ditransmisikan untuk satu unit waktu yang dinyatakan dalam satuan bits per second (bps)atau characters per second (cps)
14. Tipe transmisi satu arah (one way tarnsmision) : merupakan transmisi yang hanya dapat membawa informasi data dalam bentuk satu arah saja, tidak bisa dibolak balik.
15. Tipe transmisi dua arah bergantian (two way transmission atau half duplex) : Merupakan kanal transmisi dimana informasi data dapat mengalir dalam dua arah yang bergantian
16. CONCENTRATOR adl : menggabung beberapa signal data dari channel transmisi kapasitas rendah ke channel transmisi kapasitas tinggi.
17. Jaringan komputer adl : kumpulan sejumlah terminal komunikasi yang berada diberbagai lokasi yang terdiri dari lebih satu komputer yang saling berhubungan.
18. Tujuan jaringan computer adl : membawa informasi secara tepat dan tanpa adanya kesalahan dari sisi pengirim (transmitter) menuju kesisi penerima (receiver) melalui media komunikasi
19. Wan adl : Merupakan jaringan dari system komunikasi data yang masing-masing node berlokasi jauh (remote location) satu dengan yang lainnya.
20. Topologi Star (Star Topology) adl : Menghubungkan semua kabel pada host ke satu titik utama. Titik ini biasanya menggunakan Hub atau Switch
21. Topologi Ring (Ring Topology) adl: Menghubungkan satu host ke host setelah dan sebelumnya. Secara fisik jaringan ini berbentuk ring (lingkaran).
22. NIC : network interface card / kartu LAN adl : Kartu Jaringan/ sebuah kartu yang berfungsi sebagai jembatan dari komputer ke sebuah jaringan komputer.
23. Lisensi adl : lisensi perangkat lunak yang mengizinkan pengguna untuk memodifikasi dan mendistribusikan ulang perangkat lunak yang dimaksud.
24. Trial Software adl : waktu dimana suatu software yang sudah ditentukan masa kadaluwarsa pemakaiannya itu biasanya adalah demo suatu software.
25. Lisensi open souce adl : Open Source adalah suatu lisensi dari software yang memberikan kebebasan kepada penggunanya untuk:
- Melihat kode sumber progam
- Merubah kode sumber program
26. Teknologi informasi adl : hasil rekayasa manusia terhadap proses penyampaian informasi dari bagian pengirim ke penerima sehingga pengiriman informasi tersebut akan:
lebih cepat
lebih luas sebarannya, dan
lebih lama penyimpanannya.
27. SISTEM adl : suatu kesatuan yang terdiri atau elemen yang dihubungkan bersama untuk memudahkan aliran informasi, materi atau komponen.
28. INFORMASI adl : pengetahuan yang didapatkan dari pembelajaran, pengalaman, atau instruksi [1]. Namun demikian istilah ini memiliki banyak arti bergantung pada konteksnya,
29. SISTEM INFORMASI adl : aplikasi komputer untuk mendukung operasi dari suatu organisasi: operasi, instalasi, dan perawatan komputer, perangkat lunak, dan data.
31. Sistem Informasi Berbasis Komputer atau Computer Based Information System (CBIS) adl : suatu sistem pengolah data menjadi sebuah informasi yang berkualitas dan dipergunakan untuk suatu alat bantu pengambilan keputusan.
32. Fungsi Teknologi Informasi :
33. Resiko keamanan komputer (computer security risk) : setiap peristiwa yang dapat mengakibatkan hilang atau rusaknya peranti keras, peranti lunak, data, informasi, atau kemampuan memproses komputer
34. Cyberextortionist adl : seseorang yang menggunakan email sebagai alat pemerasan.
35. Cyberterrorist adl : seseorang yang menggunakan internet atau jaringan untuk menghancurkan atau merusak komputer dengan alasan politis.
36. Firewall adl : sistem security dari hardware atau software yang mencegah jaringan atau aktivitas akses yang tidak terstruktur
37. Software Theft adl : merupakan pembajakan software.
38. Steganografi adl :menyembunyikan pesan tersembunyi dengan suatu cara sehingga selain si pengirim dan si penerima, tidak ada seorangpun yang mengetahui atau menyadari bahwa ada suatu pesan rahasia.
39. Enkripsi adl : proses mengamankan suatu informasi dengan membuat informasi tersebut tidak dapat dibaca tanpa bantuan pengetahuan khusus.
40. Sistem analis adl : seseorang yang bertanggung jawab atas penelitian, perencanaan, pengkoordinasian, dan merekomendasikan pemilihan perangkat lunak dan sistem yang paling sesuai dengan kebutuhan organisasi bisnis atau perusahaan.
41. Web desainer adl : orang yang mempunyai keahlian menciptakan konten presentasi (biasanya hypertext atau hypermedia) yang dikirimkan ke pengguna-akhir melalui World Wide Web, melalui Web browser atau perangkat lunak Web-enabled lain seperti televisi internet, Microblogging, pembaca RSS.
42. System administrator adl : memonitor konfigurasi keamanan, mengelola dan mengatur nama user dan password, memantau kapasitas memory penyimpanan serta perangkat-perangkat yang digunakan, melaksanakan proses backup, dan melakukan setting terhadap alat-alat serta software baru.
43. MIS Director adl mereka yang menjamin ketersediaan, kesinambungan, dan keamanan data dan layanan teknologi informasi dalam organisasi mereka.
44. EDP Operator adl merupakan tenaga (manusia) yang bertugas, mengontrol dan bertanggung jawab dalam aktivitas (kelangsungan) pengolahan data elektronis.
45. Teknisi Komputer ad : seseorang yang bertugas memperbaiki komputer dari software sampai hardware
46. Jaringan adl : sekumpulan komputer, serta perangkat-perangkat lain pendukung komputer yang saling terhubung dalam suatu kesatuan.
47. Wireless adl : teknologi yang menghubungkan dua piranti untuk bertukar data atau suara tanpa menggunakan media kabel.
48. PROTOCOL adl : Kumpulan dari beberapa aturan yang berhubungan dengan komunikasi data antara beberapa alat komunikasi supaya komunikasi data dapat dilakukan dengan benar.
49. Pengertian Internet, sejarah dan perkembangannya : gabungan dari jaringan-jaringan computer dalam sekala luas dan besar dimana masing-masing computer tersebut dapat saling berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya menggunakan sebuah bahasa jaringan.
Sejarah Internet : Dimulai dari jaman persaingan antara Amerika dengan Soviet (USSR). Dimulai saat Soviet meluncurkan Sputnik, Amerika kemudian membuat Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, yang kemudian dikenal dengan nama Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency , atau DARPA) di February 1958. ARPA kemudian membuat Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) untuk menangani lebih jauh research Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program. Dimana proyek ini bertujuan untuk menggabungkan system radar di seluruh Amerika untuk pertama kalinya. Ketua IPTO pada saat itu yaitu . J. C. R. Licklider mengatakan bahwa networking ini akan mengubah sejarah manusia.
Perkembangan internet : Licklider kemudian merekrut Lawrence Roberts untuk mengepalai project yang bertujuan untuk mengimplementasi sebuah network, Lawrence Roberts merekomendasikan packet switching (dibandingkan Circuit switching ) untuk membuat jaringan yang lebih tahan terhadap gangguan. Titik jaringan pertama yang berhasil dibuat dan berfungsi adalah di UCLA pada October 29 , 1969 yang kemudian disebut ARPANET , salah satu bunda/sesepuh jaringan dari Internet.
Dari sini sejarah berlanjut dimana, the British Post Office , Western Union International dan Tymnet berkolaborasi untuk membentuk jaringan international yang berbasis packet switched network, dikenal dengan nama International Packet Switched Service (IPSS), di 1978. Jaringan ini berkembang dari Europe, US hingga Canada , Hong Kong dan Australia pada 1981.
50. Cara untuk menghubungkan ke Internet : dengan Dial Up, ADSL, Handphone
51. File Transfer protocol ( FTP ) adl : dalah sebuah protokol Internet yang berjalan di dalam lapisan aplikasi yang merupakan standar untuk pentransferan berkas (file) komputer antar mesin-mesin dalam sebuah internetwork.
52. Telnet. Adl: sebuah protokol jaringan yang digunakan di koneksi Internet atau Local Area Network.
53. Download adl : proses menerima data (umumnya berbentuk berkas) dari sebuah sistem seperti server web, FTP server, server mail atau sistem serupa lainnya
54. Upload adl : proses mengirim data (umumnya berbentuk berkas) dari komputer pribadi ke suatu sistem seperti server web, FTP server atau sistem serupa lainnya yang kemudian akan dipublikasikan di internet baik secara pribadi atau umum (dapat di nikmati oleh semua pengguna internet).
55. Pengendalian data log. Adl : Pengendalian keamanan yang menggunakan data log
56. Ruang lingkup AI : meliputi
Formal tasks (matematika, games)
· Mundane task (perception, robotics, natural language, common sense, reasoning)
· Expert tasks (financial analysis, medical diagnostics, engineering, scientific analysis, dll)
57. Expert System ( system ahli) adl : di sebut juga sistem pakar :program komputer yang mengandung pengetahuan dari satu atau lebih pakar manusia mengenai suatu bidang spesifik. Jenis program ini pertama kali dikembangkan oleh periset kecerdasan buatan pada dasawarsa 1960-an dan 1970-an dan diterapkan secara komersial selama 1980-an.
58. GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVING adl Bertujuan pada pemecahan kelas-kelas dari
masalah-masalah yang ditekankan dalam sebuah bahasa formal.
59. Robot dan sejarahnya : Kata robot pertama kali diperkenalakan oleh seorang penulis dari Czech yang bernama Karel pada tahun 1921. Kata Robot berasal dari kata ‘robota’ yang berarti: pekerja sendiri.
Sejarah robot bermula ketika sistem otomatis dibuat oleh Jacques de Vaucanson pada tahun 1938, yang membuat bebek mekanik yang dapat memakan dan mencincang biiji bijian, membuka dan menutup sayapnya. Kemudian tahun 1796, Hisashine Tanaga di Jepang berhasil membuat mainan mekanik yang dapat mnghidangkan the dan menulis huruf kanji. Lalu 1926, Nikola Tesla mendemintrasikan perahu bot yang dapat dikontrol dengan radio. Tahun 1928, Makoto Nishimura membuat robot pertama di Jepang.
Sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi Elektronika, maka perkembangan robot ini melaju pesat, seprti tahun 1948, William Grey Walter membuat robot elektronik otomatis pertama dimana robot ini dapat merespon cahaya dan dapat melakukan kontak dengan objek dari luar. Pada tahun 1954, saat dimulainya zaman digital, sebuah robot digital yang dapat deprogram ditemukan oleh George Devol
60. Sistem abstrak adl : sistem yang berupa pemikiran atau ide-ide yang tidak tampak secara fisik.
61. Sistem phisik adl : sistem yang ada dan tampak secara fisik
62. Human-machine system atau man-machine system. Adl : software yang digunakan untuk memonitor dan mengontrol mesin atau proses di suatu pabrik.
63. Kualitas informasi : Kualitas yang di berikan oleh Pemberi Informasi
Rabu, 06 Januari 2010
DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND COMPUTER NETWORKS
DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND COMPUTER NETWORKS
11.1Pendahuluan
current communications technology advances have an influence to the development of data processing. Data sent from one place to another by means of communication.
To use the computer data, sending data using electronic transmission system, usually referred to as data communications (Data Communication).
Data Communications 11.2
To communicate data from one place to another, the three elements of the system must be available, the data source (source), transmission media (transmision media), the recipient (receiver). if one element is missing, the communication will not be done.
11.2.1Tranmisi Data
Data transmission is the process of sending data from one source to the receiver data.
for menetahui of complete data transmission there are several processes that need to be in the know.
these concerns:
- Transmission media are used
- The capacity of transmission channels
- The type of transmission channels
- The code used transmission
- Transmission mode
- Protocol
- Handling of transmission errors
11.2.1.1 Media Transmission
Several media can be used as a transmission channel (path) or carrier transmission of data that can be transmitted to cable or electromagnetic radiation.
KABEL
cable can be used as a data source and the recipient is not too far away and in the local area.
1. Coaxial Cable
Cable Coaxial cable is wrapped with a soft metal.
Coaxial Cable have a data transmission rate higher than the normal cable, but more expensive.
2. Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Cable is made of glass fibers (optical fibers) are thin in diameter and the diameter of human hair.
Fiber Optic Cable have a data transmission speeds up to 10x greater than the Coaxial Cable.
Electromagnetic Radiation
If the data source and recipient data a long distance, communication channels may be a radiation media. Electromagnetic emitted through the open air, which can be a microwave (microwave), satellite system (satellite system), or laser system (laser system).
1. Microwave
Microwave is a high frequency radio waves emitted from one station to another station. The nature of microwave radiation and is line-of-sight is not obstructed. Because of the buildings are tall, hill-proof or the mountains, the microwave is usually used for distances close to it.
For a far distance, should be used relay station, a distance of 30 to 50 kilometers. Kaerna relay station is required to strengthen the signal received from the previous relay station and continue to the next relay station.
2. Satellite System
Because the microwave should not be blocked, then the distances to far used the satellite system (satellite system). Satellite will receive a signal transmitted from the microwave station on earth and send it back to another earth station. Satellites act as relay stations in space letaknnya.
3. Laser System
Laser communications technology is widely used for research. Communications experts predict the days to come yagn using laser technology will be expanded and will dramatically reduce transmission costs.
And now it is in fact a laser system used, such as wireless.
What is wireless?
Media transmission of electromagnetic radiation is emitted through the open air which can be mikrogelombang (microwave), satellite system (satellite system), infrared light / laser system (laser system)
Benefits of wireless!
1.Pembangunan integrated computer network infrastructure that conditions make it impossible to pull the cable
2.Tepat to users who have high mobility
3.Tepat for users temporary (not permanent)
Wireless LAN technology became very popular today in many application. After evaluation of these technologies do, make the users feel satisfied and realiability believe this technology and ready for use in large scale and complex in the network without wires.
11.2.1.2 CHANNEL TRANSMISSION CAPACITY
Bandwidth (wide band) shows a number of data that can be transmitted to one unit of time is expressed in units of bits per second (bps) or characters per second (cps). Bandwidth in bps or cps units declare the size of the transmission channel capacity, not the size of speed. transmission of data with size 1000 bits per second can not be faster than the transmission of data with size 200 bits per second.Kapasitas or transfer rate (distribution rate) or band transmission rate of the channel can be classified in the narrowband channel. Channel 3 transmission is divided:
1) Narrowband CHANNEL
Narrowband channels or subvoice grade transmission channel is a channel with low bandwidth, approximately 50-300 bps.Biaya of transmission through the lower narrowband. But the average cost per bitnya more expensive with the possibility of errors besar.jalur telegraph is an example of the narrowband channel.
2) VOICE BAND CHANNEL
Voice band channel or voice grade transmission channel is a channel that has greater bandwidth than the narrowband channel, and it ranged from 300-500 bps.Jalur call is an example of the voice band channel.
3) WIDE BAND CHANNEL
Wide band channel or a broad band transmission channels are used for the transmission of large volumes of data with a bandwidth up to 1 million bps. In general, the data transmission channels widwband very expensive, but if calculated perbitnya costs would be cheaper and probably a small transmission errors. Public telephone lines using widwband channels, ie using coaxial cable media that lies under the sea or microwafe system or satellite system.
CHANEL TYPE OF TRANSMISSION
A transmission channel may have a transmission TPE:
One-Way Transmision
Type of transmission is one-way transmission can only carry data information in the form of one direction only, can not dibolak back.
Examples are radio or television signal is sent from one station can only be received by the catcher plane broadcast, but broadcast catcher aircraft were unable to send back information kestasiun transmitter.
2. Either-Way Transmision
Type two-way alternate transmission is the transmission channels of information where data can flow in both directions alternately.
For example walkie talkie CB radio that can listen or speak in turn.
Both-Way Transmision
Type two-way simultaneous transmission is a dual channel data transmission in which information can flow in two directions simultaneously. Communication by telephone merupan samples from Both Way Transmision.
TRANSMISSION CODE
Transmission codes that can be used are as follows:
Boudot cod, using a combination of 5 bits to represent a character, which is supposed to be able to represent as many as 32 characters. These 32 kinds of characters tidk enough to represent all alphanumeric characters, so the code is divided into 2 parts namely character and character shapes.
ASCII code, ASCII code can be shaped 7-Bitt or code 8-bit ASCII
SCBDIS code, consisting of a combination of 6 bits
EBCDIC code, consisting of a combination of 8 bits
11.MODE TRANSMISSIONS
Data transmission via the transmission channel may take the form:
Parallel Transmission
In this mode all the bits of the character represented by a code, simultaneously transmitted one character at any time.
Serial Transmission
Transmission in series is a common mode of transmission ddipergunakan. In this mode each bit of a character is sent in sequence, ie bits per byte.
Syncrhronous Transmision
Delivery time is the bits in the source must be synchronized with the sender when receiving the bits are received by the recipient.
Bit synchronization, related to the time when the source of the sender must put the bits that are sent to the channels of transmission and receiver must know when exactly to take the bits that sent it.
This problem can be solved with the clock in and clock source of the sender in the recipient post. When bit synchronization problem has been resolved with the clock at the source and the receiver, still other problems arise, the character synchronization. This solution can be overcome by preceding each block of data to be sent denagn a form of specific transmission control characters. In the ASCII code of the transmission control characters is in the form of a SYN with binary numbers .. If only used a SYN character transmission control of a course, the possibility may be happen false synchronization and to prevent, control 2 SYN fruit characters can be used at the beginning of the transmitted data blocks.
Asyncronous Transmission
Asyncronous transmission is transmission of data transmitted each time a character tertentu.Penngirim can transmit characters in bsrbeda intervals, or in other words do not have the time between sending singkron a character with character, each character berikutnya.Tiap transmitted yangn as a stand alone unit and the recipient must be able to recognize each character yersebut.Untuk overcome this, then each character kasin preceded by an additional bits, the start bit or start pulseyang a bit value 0 and the stop bit or stop pulse is a bit value 1 is placed at the end of each character.
Asyncronous transmission more secure than the transmission syncronous transmission.Pada Asyncronous if an error occurs in the transmitted data, will only, only erusak a character, is the transmission Syncronous will destroy a block of data.Akan However, transmission Asyncronous less efficient than transmission syncronous because it needs additional bits for each character, the start bit and stop bit.
PROTOCOL
Protocol is a set of rules associated with data communication between communication devices so that data communication can be done by hand benar.Jabatan an example of protocol between two people who will berkomunikasi.Di handshake computer terms (handshaking) shows a protocol of the data communication when two devices are connected to each other to determine that they are compatible.
To be compatible, then the transmission of data, they must have a transfer rate (transmission rate) the same, have the same data format, must be the same type of transmission and the transmission mode must also be a sama.Protokol generally mengaturkomunikasi software data.
TRANSMISSION ERROR HANDLING
In a data transmission can occur such defects is called the noise, then the transmitted data will occur in the transmission kesalahan.Di important data, transmission errors must be detected and dibetulkan.Pendeteksian transmission errors can be done with teknilk reflection (echo technique ), checking pariti two coordinates (two-coordinate) or cyclic redundancy checking.
ECHO TECHNIQUE
Echo technique is also called an echoplex error detection how to listen, how data is transmitted reflected or sent back (echo) by the recipient back to pengirim.Pengirim then comparing the results are sent back to what was sent, when both are fit, then do not occur error, if not suitable, then there jesalahan in transmission.
TWO-Coordinate Parity Checking
Two-coordinate detection checkingmelakukan parity data transmitted by pariti examined from two directions, each character koordinat.Tiap transmitted given a bit extra that serves as a parity check and a block of transmitted characters were given an extra character that serves as a block check character ( BCC). BCC is also the longlitudinal redundancy check character (LRCC).
Pariti bits (parity bits) for each character in this way is called a character or horizontal parity bits parity bits parity bits or transverse or lateral row parity bits or parity bits bit.Sedang parity in the BCC called peryti character block check bits or longlitudinal or column parity check parity check parity check or vertical.
If there is a wrong bit in a character, then these bits can be detected and corrected automatically, because the character parity bit (horizontal parity bits) and block parity check bits Charakter (paerity vertical check) for the bits that will not true.
11.22.PERANGAKAT HARD DATA COMMUNICATION
In addition to major hardware, such as input devices, processing devices, output devices and mass storage, data communication systems needed some other hardware used to facilitate the process of data transmission.
MODEM
Generally, the data channel transmission lines in the form of analog data, the data were generated by the source sending digital data form. A modulator-demodulator (better known by abbreviation modem) or also called data sets can be used to transform data from digital form into analog form. Special type of modem called the acoustic coupler can be used to alter the digital signal from the terminal to the tone of voice will be transmitted via the modem telepon.Selain using telephone lines, is now also available that do not use a modem or telephone cable, called: the wireless modem. Esteem Wireless modem using VHF FM radio frequencies with specifikasi as follows:
* Type of transmission channels used are full duplex.
* Mode is a serial asynchronous transmission.
* The capacity of the transmission channel is 110 to 9600 bands to choose from.
* Handling of transmission errors using the CRC.
Multiplexer
Multiplexer or mux is a device that allows multiple communication signals using respective terminal low capacity transmission channels can be combined together dikirimin through high-capacity transmission channel (eg, voice grade), so it is more efficient (total cost would be cheaper).
Concentrator
Concentrator has the same function as multiplexer, which combines some of the data signal transmission channel low capacity to high-capacity transmission channel. Concentrator can be set from the current form data before it merged into the high-capacity transmission channel and usually have an outer self storage (mass storage).
COMUNIKASI PROSCESSOR
Communication processors are also called communication controller or the communication front-end or front-end processor or front-end devices that can be a minicomputer or a microcomputer as his successor. Communication processor is designed to perform tasks like setting the data flow is sent, error detection and correction of errors if possible to be formed. Its main objective is to ensure that the central computer CPU can perform other processes, and does not interfere with these additional duties.
11.2.3. FORM DATA SYSTEM KOMUNIASI
A data communication system can be shaped off_line communicationSystem or on_line communication system.
11.2.3.1 OFF_LINE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A form of data communication system which can form off_line simple communication system, the transmitted data is not directly processed by the receiver CPU.
11.2.3.2. ON_LINE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
On_line a communication system, the data will be sent directly received by the central computer for processing. on_line communication system can be shaped remove job entry (RJE) system, real-time system, time-sharing systems, client server system or a distributed data processing system.
REMOVE JOB ENTRY SYSTEM
This system of processing called the batch processing system. Results from a general psngolahan computer data centers and can not be directly dihasilkannya.Karena immediately to the central computer processing and data collection large enough.
RealTime SYSTEM
A realtime system allows to send data to a computer center, computer center processed immediately at the time of the data received and sends the results back to the sender data processing immediately.
SHARING SYSTEM TIMER
Timer-sharing system allows some use of computers (multi user) together using the computer and the computer will divide his time alternately for each user. Because the development process faster CPU, while the tools I / O can not keep up kecepan of CPU, the speed of the CPU can be used efficiently to serve some of the tools I / O turns. Cristopher starchy in 1959 has given an idea of the division of time by the CPU. And in 1961 the first system that really shaped time-sharing system at MIT conducted (Massachusetts Institute of technology) that can serve as many users by using the IBM 7090 computer.
Each user is served by the computer take turns in a very fast time. So that each computer user does not feel that computers serve several users at once turns.
Client Server System
Time sharing system generally involves a mainframe computer that is connected with many terminals. Terminal used is dumb terminal that serves as a tool saja.Terrminal inputs and outputs are called dumb terminals that do not have a processor so that all data processing done mainframe computer. Therefore, the mainframe computer to divide waktuknya (time sharing) to serve a lot of dumb terminals.
Computer center that serves as a provider of data and the program is called with the server. Computer-micro computer that serves as the terminal is called the client and the network system is called the client server system.
Distributed Data Processing System
DDP system can didevenisikan as an interactive computer system that glows in geogerafi and telkomunikasi networks associated with each computer capable of processing data indevenden and able to connect with other Computer into one system.
NETWORK
Network is a network of data communication systems involving one or more computer systems on transmission lines connecting with the communication devices to form a single system
II. Network components 13
components of nodes and links. Nnode is a point that can accept dat input into an output network or information or both. Node can be a printer or other equipment.
Link is: chanenel or transmission lines or carrier to have the information or data may be a cable between. Microwave system. Which each node is a remote location with each other. And use the links in the form of long-distance transmission lines is called a WAN. (Wide area network) network are each separate node in the local distances and using a link cable transmission lines is called a LAN (local area network)
II. 3.2.wan and Ian
WAN (wan and Ian) is a network of data communication systems, each node is located far away (remote location) to each other. WAN is also the name of the remote network or network or exsternal long distane.
Local Area Network (LAN) is a limited network seuat within the local area (local). This network is widely used in a company that connects between the departments in the building swatu.
Fransmisi data in a LAN speeds vary and can be dikatagorikan as follows:
1. HIGH SPEED NETWORK (greater than 20 MBps)
2. MEDIUM SPEED NETWORK (1 MBps, 20 MBps)
3. LOW SPEED NETWORK (less than 1 MBps)
In the LAN, the central computer called a server network that can be associated with several computer terminals or micro form a network. Micro computer can be connected to the network server using regular cable or Coaxial Cable denagn.
Network Topology
Topology: a network based on how to contact a number of nodes or central in forming a network system.
1. STAR NETWORK (NETWORK STAR)
. Connect all the cables on the host to one main point. This point is usually used Hub or Switch
Pros:
- The most flexible for easy wiring
- The addition or reduction of the terminal is very easy and does not interfere with other parts of the network
- Centralized control so as to facilitate the detection and isolation of errors and facilitate network management
Weaknesses:
- Wasteful cable
- Centralized control (HUB) to be a critical element
2. Hierarchical TREE NETWORK
Connected to a computer system that controls traffic on the topology.
Network Keungguluan tree model like this is, can the formation of a group that needed at any time. For example, companies can form a group consisting of terminal accounts, as well as on other groups formed for the sale terminals. The weakness is, if the node is higher then does not work, then another group who are below it eventually also became ineffective. How a network of this tree relative to lambat.puter
3. LOOP NETWORK
Loop network is a relationship between nodes in a series in the form of a closed circle. In this form there is no central node or host note, all have the same status
Pros:
-All the nodes have the same status
Weaknesses:
-If one node will not disturb the damaged another node
4. BUS NETWORK
Using a single segment (cable length) backbone, ie all hosts that connect directly
Pros:
-Low power
-Easy to be developed
-No need of central control
-Simple Layout
- The addition and reduction of the terminal can be done without disturbing the operation running.
Weaknesses:
- Fault detection and isolation of very small
- High traffic density
- Lack of data security guaranteed
- The speed will decrease when the number of users (users) increases
- Required for long-distance repeater
5. RING NETWORK
Connecting a host to host after and before. Physically, the ring-shaped network (circles).
Pros:
- Efficient cable
- Do not need a special cable bundle handling
- Can serve the data traffic is dense
Weaknesses:
- Sensitive to errors
- Development of more rigid network
- Slow
- Damage to the media sender / terminal could paralyze the entire network work
6. WEB NETWORK
Connecting one point to another. Condition where there is no relationship is absolutely cut off communication between computer nodes.
Advantages of mesh network is a single node may be associated with the other nodes are free and if a node is damaged, the other can still relate. The weakness of this mesh networks are too many links so that the cost is expensive and difficult to control because of decentralized management
7. META NETWORK
Meta-network or hybrid network is a network from a network or a combination of several network
11.1Pendahuluan
current communications technology advances have an influence to the development of data processing. Data sent from one place to another by means of communication.
To use the computer data, sending data using electronic transmission system, usually referred to as data communications (Data Communication).
Data Communications 11.2
To communicate data from one place to another, the three elements of the system must be available, the data source (source), transmission media (transmision media), the recipient (receiver). if one element is missing, the communication will not be done.
11.2.1Tranmisi Data
Data transmission is the process of sending data from one source to the receiver data.
for menetahui of complete data transmission there are several processes that need to be in the know.
these concerns:
- Transmission media are used
- The capacity of transmission channels
- The type of transmission channels
- The code used transmission
- Transmission mode
- Protocol
- Handling of transmission errors
11.2.1.1 Media Transmission
Several media can be used as a transmission channel (path) or carrier transmission of data that can be transmitted to cable or electromagnetic radiation.
KABEL
cable can be used as a data source and the recipient is not too far away and in the local area.
1. Coaxial Cable
Cable Coaxial cable is wrapped with a soft metal.
Coaxial Cable have a data transmission rate higher than the normal cable, but more expensive.
2. Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic Cable is made of glass fibers (optical fibers) are thin in diameter and the diameter of human hair.
Fiber Optic Cable have a data transmission speeds up to 10x greater than the Coaxial Cable.
Electromagnetic Radiation
If the data source and recipient data a long distance, communication channels may be a radiation media. Electromagnetic emitted through the open air, which can be a microwave (microwave), satellite system (satellite system), or laser system (laser system).
1. Microwave
Microwave is a high frequency radio waves emitted from one station to another station. The nature of microwave radiation and is line-of-sight is not obstructed. Because of the buildings are tall, hill-proof or the mountains, the microwave is usually used for distances close to it.
For a far distance, should be used relay station, a distance of 30 to 50 kilometers. Kaerna relay station is required to strengthen the signal received from the previous relay station and continue to the next relay station.
2. Satellite System
Because the microwave should not be blocked, then the distances to far used the satellite system (satellite system). Satellite will receive a signal transmitted from the microwave station on earth and send it back to another earth station. Satellites act as relay stations in space letaknnya.
3. Laser System
Laser communications technology is widely used for research. Communications experts predict the days to come yagn using laser technology will be expanded and will dramatically reduce transmission costs.
And now it is in fact a laser system used, such as wireless.
What is wireless?
Media transmission of electromagnetic radiation is emitted through the open air which can be mikrogelombang (microwave), satellite system (satellite system), infrared light / laser system (laser system)
Benefits of wireless!
1.Pembangunan integrated computer network infrastructure that conditions make it impossible to pull the cable
2.Tepat to users who have high mobility
3.Tepat for users temporary (not permanent)
Wireless LAN technology became very popular today in many application. After evaluation of these technologies do, make the users feel satisfied and realiability believe this technology and ready for use in large scale and complex in the network without wires.
11.2.1.2 CHANNEL TRANSMISSION CAPACITY
Bandwidth (wide band) shows a number of data that can be transmitted to one unit of time is expressed in units of bits per second (bps) or characters per second (cps). Bandwidth in bps or cps units declare the size of the transmission channel capacity, not the size of speed. transmission of data with size 1000 bits per second can not be faster than the transmission of data with size 200 bits per second.Kapasitas or transfer rate (distribution rate) or band transmission rate of the channel can be classified in the narrowband channel. Channel 3 transmission is divided:
1) Narrowband CHANNEL
Narrowband channels or subvoice grade transmission channel is a channel with low bandwidth, approximately 50-300 bps.Biaya of transmission through the lower narrowband. But the average cost per bitnya more expensive with the possibility of errors besar.jalur telegraph is an example of the narrowband channel.
2) VOICE BAND CHANNEL
Voice band channel or voice grade transmission channel is a channel that has greater bandwidth than the narrowband channel, and it ranged from 300-500 bps.Jalur call is an example of the voice band channel.
3) WIDE BAND CHANNEL
Wide band channel or a broad band transmission channels are used for the transmission of large volumes of data with a bandwidth up to 1 million bps. In general, the data transmission channels widwband very expensive, but if calculated perbitnya costs would be cheaper and probably a small transmission errors. Public telephone lines using widwband channels, ie using coaxial cable media that lies under the sea or microwafe system or satellite system.
CHANEL TYPE OF TRANSMISSION
A transmission channel may have a transmission TPE:
One-Way Transmision
Type of transmission is one-way transmission can only carry data information in the form of one direction only, can not dibolak back.
Examples are radio or television signal is sent from one station can only be received by the catcher plane broadcast, but broadcast catcher aircraft were unable to send back information kestasiun transmitter.
2. Either-Way Transmision
Type two-way alternate transmission is the transmission channels of information where data can flow in both directions alternately.
For example walkie talkie CB radio that can listen or speak in turn.
Both-Way Transmision
Type two-way simultaneous transmission is a dual channel data transmission in which information can flow in two directions simultaneously. Communication by telephone merupan samples from Both Way Transmision.
TRANSMISSION CODE
Transmission codes that can be used are as follows:
Boudot cod, using a combination of 5 bits to represent a character, which is supposed to be able to represent as many as 32 characters. These 32 kinds of characters tidk enough to represent all alphanumeric characters, so the code is divided into 2 parts namely character and character shapes.
ASCII code, ASCII code can be shaped 7-Bitt or code 8-bit ASCII
SCBDIS code, consisting of a combination of 6 bits
EBCDIC code, consisting of a combination of 8 bits
11.MODE TRANSMISSIONS
Data transmission via the transmission channel may take the form:
Parallel Transmission
In this mode all the bits of the character represented by a code, simultaneously transmitted one character at any time.
Serial Transmission
Transmission in series is a common mode of transmission ddipergunakan. In this mode each bit of a character is sent in sequence, ie bits per byte.
Syncrhronous Transmision
Delivery time is the bits in the source must be synchronized with the sender when receiving the bits are received by the recipient.
Bit synchronization, related to the time when the source of the sender must put the bits that are sent to the channels of transmission and receiver must know when exactly to take the bits that sent it.
This problem can be solved with the clock in and clock source of the sender in the recipient post. When bit synchronization problem has been resolved with the clock at the source and the receiver, still other problems arise, the character synchronization. This solution can be overcome by preceding each block of data to be sent denagn a form of specific transmission control characters. In the ASCII code of the transmission control characters is in the form of a SYN with binary numbers .. If only used a SYN character transmission control of a course, the possibility may be happen false synchronization and to prevent, control 2 SYN fruit characters can be used at the beginning of the transmitted data blocks.
Asyncronous Transmission
Asyncronous transmission is transmission of data transmitted each time a character tertentu.Penngirim can transmit characters in bsrbeda intervals, or in other words do not have the time between sending singkron a character with character, each character berikutnya.Tiap transmitted yangn as a stand alone unit and the recipient must be able to recognize each character yersebut.Untuk overcome this, then each character kasin preceded by an additional bits, the start bit or start pulseyang a bit value 0 and the stop bit or stop pulse is a bit value 1 is placed at the end of each character.
Asyncronous transmission more secure than the transmission syncronous transmission.Pada Asyncronous if an error occurs in the transmitted data, will only, only erusak a character, is the transmission Syncronous will destroy a block of data.Akan However, transmission Asyncronous less efficient than transmission syncronous because it needs additional bits for each character, the start bit and stop bit.
PROTOCOL
Protocol is a set of rules associated with data communication between communication devices so that data communication can be done by hand benar.Jabatan an example of protocol between two people who will berkomunikasi.Di handshake computer terms (handshaking) shows a protocol of the data communication when two devices are connected to each other to determine that they are compatible.
To be compatible, then the transmission of data, they must have a transfer rate (transmission rate) the same, have the same data format, must be the same type of transmission and the transmission mode must also be a sama.Protokol generally mengaturkomunikasi software data.
TRANSMISSION ERROR HANDLING
In a data transmission can occur such defects is called the noise, then the transmitted data will occur in the transmission kesalahan.Di important data, transmission errors must be detected and dibetulkan.Pendeteksian transmission errors can be done with teknilk reflection (echo technique ), checking pariti two coordinates (two-coordinate) or cyclic redundancy checking.
ECHO TECHNIQUE
Echo technique is also called an echoplex error detection how to listen, how data is transmitted reflected or sent back (echo) by the recipient back to pengirim.Pengirim then comparing the results are sent back to what was sent, when both are fit, then do not occur error, if not suitable, then there jesalahan in transmission.
TWO-Coordinate Parity Checking
Two-coordinate detection checkingmelakukan parity data transmitted by pariti examined from two directions, each character koordinat.Tiap transmitted given a bit extra that serves as a parity check and a block of transmitted characters were given an extra character that serves as a block check character ( BCC). BCC is also the longlitudinal redundancy check character (LRCC).
Pariti bits (parity bits) for each character in this way is called a character or horizontal parity bits parity bits parity bits or transverse or lateral row parity bits or parity bits bit.Sedang parity in the BCC called peryti character block check bits or longlitudinal or column parity check parity check parity check or vertical.
If there is a wrong bit in a character, then these bits can be detected and corrected automatically, because the character parity bit (horizontal parity bits) and block parity check bits Charakter (paerity vertical check) for the bits that will not true.
11.22.PERANGAKAT HARD DATA COMMUNICATION
In addition to major hardware, such as input devices, processing devices, output devices and mass storage, data communication systems needed some other hardware used to facilitate the process of data transmission.
MODEM
Generally, the data channel transmission lines in the form of analog data, the data were generated by the source sending digital data form. A modulator-demodulator (better known by abbreviation modem) or also called data sets can be used to transform data from digital form into analog form. Special type of modem called the acoustic coupler can be used to alter the digital signal from the terminal to the tone of voice will be transmitted via the modem telepon.Selain using telephone lines, is now also available that do not use a modem or telephone cable, called: the wireless modem. Esteem Wireless modem using VHF FM radio frequencies with specifikasi as follows:
* Type of transmission channels used are full duplex.
* Mode is a serial asynchronous transmission.
* The capacity of the transmission channel is 110 to 9600 bands to choose from.
* Handling of transmission errors using the CRC.
Multiplexer
Multiplexer or mux is a device that allows multiple communication signals using respective terminal low capacity transmission channels can be combined together dikirimin through high-capacity transmission channel (eg, voice grade), so it is more efficient (total cost would be cheaper).
Concentrator
Concentrator has the same function as multiplexer, which combines some of the data signal transmission channel low capacity to high-capacity transmission channel. Concentrator can be set from the current form data before it merged into the high-capacity transmission channel and usually have an outer self storage (mass storage).
COMUNIKASI PROSCESSOR
Communication processors are also called communication controller or the communication front-end or front-end processor or front-end devices that can be a minicomputer or a microcomputer as his successor. Communication processor is designed to perform tasks like setting the data flow is sent, error detection and correction of errors if possible to be formed. Its main objective is to ensure that the central computer CPU can perform other processes, and does not interfere with these additional duties.
11.2.3. FORM DATA SYSTEM KOMUNIASI
A data communication system can be shaped off_line communicationSystem or on_line communication system.
11.2.3.1 OFF_LINE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
A form of data communication system which can form off_line simple communication system, the transmitted data is not directly processed by the receiver CPU.
11.2.3.2. ON_LINE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
On_line a communication system, the data will be sent directly received by the central computer for processing. on_line communication system can be shaped remove job entry (RJE) system, real-time system, time-sharing systems, client server system or a distributed data processing system.
REMOVE JOB ENTRY SYSTEM
This system of processing called the batch processing system. Results from a general psngolahan computer data centers and can not be directly dihasilkannya.Karena immediately to the central computer processing and data collection large enough.
RealTime SYSTEM
A realtime system allows to send data to a computer center, computer center processed immediately at the time of the data received and sends the results back to the sender data processing immediately.
SHARING SYSTEM TIMER
Timer-sharing system allows some use of computers (multi user) together using the computer and the computer will divide his time alternately for each user. Because the development process faster CPU, while the tools I / O can not keep up kecepan of CPU, the speed of the CPU can be used efficiently to serve some of the tools I / O turns. Cristopher starchy in 1959 has given an idea of the division of time by the CPU. And in 1961 the first system that really shaped time-sharing system at MIT conducted (Massachusetts Institute of technology) that can serve as many users by using the IBM 7090 computer.
Each user is served by the computer take turns in a very fast time. So that each computer user does not feel that computers serve several users at once turns.
Client Server System
Time sharing system generally involves a mainframe computer that is connected with many terminals. Terminal used is dumb terminal that serves as a tool saja.Terrminal inputs and outputs are called dumb terminals that do not have a processor so that all data processing done mainframe computer. Therefore, the mainframe computer to divide waktuknya (time sharing) to serve a lot of dumb terminals.
Computer center that serves as a provider of data and the program is called with the server. Computer-micro computer that serves as the terminal is called the client and the network system is called the client server system.
Distributed Data Processing System
DDP system can didevenisikan as an interactive computer system that glows in geogerafi and telkomunikasi networks associated with each computer capable of processing data indevenden and able to connect with other Computer into one system.
NETWORK
Network is a network of data communication systems involving one or more computer systems on transmission lines connecting with the communication devices to form a single system
II. Network components 13
components of nodes and links. Nnode is a point that can accept dat input into an output network or information or both. Node can be a printer or other equipment.
Link is: chanenel or transmission lines or carrier to have the information or data may be a cable between. Microwave system. Which each node is a remote location with each other. And use the links in the form of long-distance transmission lines is called a WAN. (Wide area network) network are each separate node in the local distances and using a link cable transmission lines is called a LAN (local area network)
II. 3.2.wan and Ian
WAN (wan and Ian) is a network of data communication systems, each node is located far away (remote location) to each other. WAN is also the name of the remote network or network or exsternal long distane.
Local Area Network (LAN) is a limited network seuat within the local area (local). This network is widely used in a company that connects between the departments in the building swatu.
Fransmisi data in a LAN speeds vary and can be dikatagorikan as follows:
1. HIGH SPEED NETWORK (greater than 20 MBps)
2. MEDIUM SPEED NETWORK (1 MBps, 20 MBps)
3. LOW SPEED NETWORK (less than 1 MBps)
In the LAN, the central computer called a server network that can be associated with several computer terminals or micro form a network. Micro computer can be connected to the network server using regular cable or Coaxial Cable denagn.
Network Topology
Topology: a network based on how to contact a number of nodes or central in forming a network system.
1. STAR NETWORK (NETWORK STAR)
. Connect all the cables on the host to one main point. This point is usually used Hub or Switch
Pros:
- The most flexible for easy wiring
- The addition or reduction of the terminal is very easy and does not interfere with other parts of the network
- Centralized control so as to facilitate the detection and isolation of errors and facilitate network management
Weaknesses:
- Wasteful cable
- Centralized control (HUB) to be a critical element
2. Hierarchical TREE NETWORK
Connected to a computer system that controls traffic on the topology.
Network Keungguluan tree model like this is, can the formation of a group that needed at any time. For example, companies can form a group consisting of terminal accounts, as well as on other groups formed for the sale terminals. The weakness is, if the node is higher then does not work, then another group who are below it eventually also became ineffective. How a network of this tree relative to lambat.puter
3. LOOP NETWORK
Loop network is a relationship between nodes in a series in the form of a closed circle. In this form there is no central node or host note, all have the same status
Pros:
-All the nodes have the same status
Weaknesses:
-If one node will not disturb the damaged another node
4. BUS NETWORK
Using a single segment (cable length) backbone, ie all hosts that connect directly
Pros:
-Low power
-Easy to be developed
-No need of central control
-Simple Layout
- The addition and reduction of the terminal can be done without disturbing the operation running.
Weaknesses:
- Fault detection and isolation of very small
- High traffic density
- Lack of data security guaranteed
- The speed will decrease when the number of users (users) increases
- Required for long-distance repeater
5. RING NETWORK
Connecting a host to host after and before. Physically, the ring-shaped network (circles).
Pros:
- Efficient cable
- Do not need a special cable bundle handling
- Can serve the data traffic is dense
Weaknesses:
- Sensitive to errors
- Development of more rigid network
- Slow
- Damage to the media sender / terminal could paralyze the entire network work
6. WEB NETWORK
Connecting one point to another. Condition where there is no relationship is absolutely cut off communication between computer nodes.
Advantages of mesh network is a single node may be associated with the other nodes are free and if a node is damaged, the other can still relate. The weakness of this mesh networks are too many links so that the cost is expensive and difficult to control because of decentralized management
7. META NETWORK
Meta-network or hybrid network is a network from a network or a combination of several network
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